The morphological and distribution areas characteristics of native Phlomis L . ( Lamiaceae ) taxa in the Lakes district , Turkey

The field surveys conducted in the Lakes District of Turkey from 2012 to 2015 revealed that Phlomis armeniaca Willd., P. bourgaei Boiss., P. grandiflora H.S. Thompson var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta P.H.Davis & Hub.-Mor., P. lycia D. Don., P. nissolii L., P. pungens var. pungens Willd., P. samia L. taxa were distributed in the region. In this study, in order to measure the morphological features of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta , P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var. pungens, P. samia taxa that are distributed in the Lakes District ; measurements and observations were performed using digital caliper gauge for the width, height and petiole length of 50 leaf samples from each species; calyx width, height and calyx-teeth length of 50 calyx samples from each sampled species; an d also types of inflorescence, number of flowers in state of flowering. Based on the observations and measurements made; the species identification key was prepared for Phlomis L. species that were distributed in the Lakes District . Furthermore, observations relating to the characteristics of the distribution areas of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var. pungens, P. samia taxa in the Lakes District are presented.


Introduction
Flora of Turkey consists of around 11.466 plant taxa while the whole European continent has around 12.000 plant taxa (Güner et al., 2012).Turkey that has high species diversity is a gene center for many genera and also hosts several endemic species in different geographical regions (Tan, 1992).
The plant species in Lamiaceae family which is one of the large families in the world have high endemism and can grow in different habitats extending from Africa to America, from Hawai to Australia, from the Himalayas to the Southeast Asia and at different altitudes (Hedge, 1986).Lamiaceae contains sweet-smelling annual or perennial herbaceous plants, rarely shrubs or trees.In Turkey, Lamiaceae family is represented by 45 genera and more than 546 species while its members are important for pharmacology and perfumery industry due to their volatile and aromatic oil content.Etheric oil is extracted from such plants, used as spice and ornamental plants (Seçmen et al., 2011).
The Lakes District of Turkey with the province of Isparta being the center is one of the important locations in Turkey where medical and aromatic plants are cultivated.The interest and use of medical and aromatic plants by people is also growing.One of the medical and aromatic plants used by people is the genus "Phlomis L.".
The taxonomic classification of the genus Phlomis is as follows (Seçmen et al., 2011) Regnum: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledon) Order: Asterales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Phlomis One of the genera in the Lamiaceae family that has the highest number of species is the genus Phlomis with around 100 species in the worldwide.The taxa of this genus are distributed across Asia, Southern and Northern Europe (Matthiesen et al., 2011).The members of Phlomis represented by 50 taxa consisting of 40 species and subspecies, 20 hybrids as described in the book of Davis (1982) titled Flora of Turkey were reclassified into 58 taxa comprised of 39 species and subspecies, 19 hybrids according to the revision study of Dadandı (2002) on Phlomis in Turkey.It is represented by 52 taxa consisting of 39 taxa and 13 hybrids in the List of Plants in Turkey (Güner et al., 2012).According to the Flora of Turkey, all regions except those located in A10 and B10 grid squares are the natural distribution areas of Phlomis (Huber-Morath, 1982).
Description of the Phlomis: Perennial herbaceous or small shrub with pilose or tomentose, glandular or eglanduar hairs.Leaf lamina entire or crenate.Stem leaves covered with pilose or tomentose hairs, sometimes with glandular hairs, Verticillasters few to many flowered, crowded or distant in axil of floral leaves; bracteoles absent, few or numerous, subulate to ovate.Calyx tubular or narrow bell shape with 5 ̶ 10 veins and 5 teeth; teeth equal or unequal.Corolla 2 lippeds, purple, pink or yellow, as long as calyx tube; inner corolla with ring and glabrous, upper lip hooked at apex, lower lip attached to the surface vertically with 3 lobes; stamens as long as or longer than corollas with double anthers, half of anther is different, branches unequal, Fruit nut-like with 3 edges, glabrous or hairy (Davis, 1982).
In this study, the morphological features of Phlomis taxa distributed in the Lakes District of Turkey and the characteristics of their distribution areas were identified.Moreover, the species identification key was prepared for Phlomis species distributed in the Lakes District in the light of the observations and measurements.

Material and Method
In order to identify the distribution areas of the native Phlomis L. taxa that are distributed in the Lakes District of Turkey; field schedule was prepared, according to areas where the study was performed.The coordinates of the points where the identified Phlomis species were located were taken through the expeditions to the research sites, and the sample plots within these sites were identified.The sample plots were selected in line with the criteria that the species must be dominant in the site; individuals in the species must be at a certain maturity level and be healthy, must represent different habitats and must be free from human impact as much as possible.After that, sample plots of 20 × 20 m were identified and plant samples were collected to be stored in the herbarium.While collecting the samples; such tools and instruments as field bag, loop, steel shovel, compass, topographic and contour map, stand map, pruning shears, field book, altimeter, press, blotting paper, camera, steel measuring tape were used.The collected samples were delivered to Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Botany laboratory.The region, location, aspect, altitude, collection date of the samples taken for the herbarium and the name and surname of the collector were written on the field book.The plant species recorded and collected were dried according to the techniques under half-shadow light condition and stored in Herbarium of Süleyman Demirel University.Photo albums were created for the collected samples and identification was performed.
The research material consisted of Phlomis samples collected from Antalya, Burdur, Isparta and Konya provinces located in the Lakes District of Turkey (C2, C3, C4 grid squares) from 2012 to 2015.Samples of Phlomis species were collected from a total of 33 sampling plots located across the Lakes District (Figure 1).
Leaf, flower and calyx samples were collected with a view to identifying the morphological features of the relevant taxa taken from the sample plots that had been previously identified on the field.In order to find out the morphological features of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var.grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var.pungens and P. samia taxa that are distributed in the Lakes District; measurements were performed using digital calibre gauge for the width, height and petiole length of 50 leaf samples from each species; calyx width, height and calyx-teeth length, bracteole length and corolla length of 50 calyx samples from each species sample that was collected.

Morphological measurements of Phlomis Taxa
In this study, in order to identify the morphological features of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var.grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var.pungens and P. samia taxa that are distributed in the Lakes District; measurements were performed using digital calibre gauge for the width, height and petiole length of 50 leaf samples from each species ; calyx width, height and calyx-teeth length, bracteole length and corolla length of 50 calyx samples from each species sample that was collected, and then the mean values were calculated (Table 1).

Observations for the characteristics of the sampling areas
Phlomis armeniaca samples were collected within the Lakes District was found to be in Afyon province-Çay district with 830 m as the lowest altitude, while the highest was found in Isparta province-Yenişarbademli district with 1762 m.P. armeniaca was observed to be distributed on stony and slightly stony lands, at a slope of 5 ̶ 20%, in glades, at north-west, north-east, south-west and south-east aspects.Phlomis leucophracta was found to be in Burdur-Bucak, Kargı Taşdibi province with the lowest on 176 m, while the highest altitude was in Burdur province, Ağlasun district, Çamlıdere village with 690 m.In the sample spots identified in the Lakes District; P. leucophracta was observed to be distributed in glades, at the sides of forest roads, in macquis shrublands, on rocky and stony lands, at a slope of 10 ̶ 20%, at south aspects.Tree and small tree species such as Quercus cerris L., Quercus infectoria Oliv., Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp.oxycedrus var.oxycedrus, Olea europaea L., Pinus brutia Ten., Platanus orientalis L., Cerris siliquastrum L., Quercus coccifera L., Pistacia terebinthus L., Crataegus monogyna L.; shrub species such as Phillyrea latifolia L., Phlomis bourgaei Boiss., Cistus creticus L., Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Daphne sericea Vahl., Myrtus communis L., Fontanesia phillyreoides Labill., Nerium oleander L., Vitex agnus castus L., Styrax officinalis L., Rubus sanctus Schreber., Berberis crataegina DC., and herbaceous plant species such as Anthemis cretica L., Trifolium arvense L., Coronilla varia L., Senecio vulgaris L. were identified in the sample spots.
The lowest altitude across the sample plots where flower and leaf samples were collected from Phlomis pungens var.pungens was found to be in Burdur-Gölhisar with 1455 m, while the highest altitude was in Isparta-Aksu Sorgun Highland with 1488 m.Within the sample plots identified in the Lakes District, P. pungens var.pungens was observed to be distributed in glades, macquis shrublands and stony lands, at a slope of 15-20%, at north-east aspects.Tree and small tree species such as Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp.oxycedrus var.oxycedrus, Pinus brutia Ten., Quercus coccifera L., Platanus orientalis L., Crataegus monogyna L.; shrub species such as Paliurus spina-christi Mill., and herbaceous plant species such as Euphorbia arvalis Boiss.subsp.arvalis, Senecio vulgaris L., Astragalus onobrychis L., Anthemis cretica L. were identified in the sample plots .

Discussion and conclusion
In our study, the leaf size of Phlomis armeniaca was found to be 2 ̶ 6 × 0,5 ̶ 2 cm, petiole length to be maximum 5 cm, bracteol length to be 5 ̶ 12 mm, calyx length to be 8 ̶ 12 mm, calyx-teeth length to be 2 ̶ 6 mm, corolla length to be 11 ̶ 25 mm.In the Flora of Turkey (Davis, 1982), the leaf size of P. armeniaca was reported to be 2 ̶ 10 × 0,8 ̶ 2 cm, petiole length to be maximum 7 cm, bracteol length to be 3 ̶ 10 mm, caly x length to be 13 ̶ 17 mm, calyx-teeth length to be 4 ̶ 6 mm, corolla length to be 25 ̶ 35 mm.In the study of Dadandı (2002), the leaf size of P. armeniaca was reported to be 2 ̶ 12 × 0,6 ̶ 3,5 cm, petiole length to be maximu m 6 cm, bracteole length to be 0,5 ̶ 15 mm, calyx length to be 10 ̶ 16 mm, corolla length to be 19 ̶ 34 mm.These values were different from the leaf sizes, petiole, bracteole, calyx and corolla lengths found in our study.
The leaf size of Phlomis leucophracta was measured to be 3 ̶ 8 × 1 ̶ 5 cm, petiole length to be up to 4 cm, bracteol length to be 15 ̶ 24 mm, caly x length to be 15 ̶ 25 mm, calyx-teeth length to be 5 ̶ 12 mm, corolla length to be 20 ̶ 34 mm.In the Flora of Turkey (Davis,1982), the leaf size of P. leucophracta was reported to be 5 ̶ 12 × 2 ̶ 5 cm, petiole length to be up to 4 cm, bracteol length to be 15 ̶ 22 mm, calyx length to be 20 ̶ 27 mm, calyx-teeth length to be 5 ̶ 12 mm, corolla to be 30 ̶ 35 mm.In the study of Dadandı (2002), the leaf size of P. leucophracta was reported to be 1,6 ̶ 8,5 × 0,6 ̶ 4,7 cm, petiole length to be up to 5 cm, bracteol length length to be 10 ̶ 26 mm, calyx length to be 15-30 mm, calyx-teeth length to be 5 ̶ 14 mm, corolla length to be 31 ̶ 38 mm.Our petiole length and calyx teeth length values were similar to those found by Davis (1982).
In our study, the leaf size of Phlomis lycia was measured to be 2 ̶ 4,6 × 0,7 ̶ 2,5 cm, petiole length to be up to 2,2 cm, bracteol length to be 8 ̶ 12 mm, caly x length to be 8 ̶ 13 mm, calyx teeth length to be 1 mm, and corolla length to be 15 ̶ 25 mm.In the Flora of Turkey (Davis,1982), the leaf size of P. lycia was reported to be 2 ̶ 5 × 0,7 ̶ 2 cm, petiole length to be short, bracteol length to be 8 ̶ 11 mm, calyx length to be 10 ̶ 12 mm, caly x teeth length to be 1 mm, and corolla length to be 25 ̶ 30 mm.Dadandı (2002) reported in his study that the leaf size of P. lycia was 1,4 ̶ 5,5 × 0,4 ̶ 2,3 cm, petiole length was up to 2 cm, bracteol length 8 ̶ 14 mm, calyx length was 9 ̶ 14 mm, calyx-teeth length were 0,5 ̶ 1,5 mm and corolla length was 22 ̶ 30 mm.Caly x teeth length found in our study was similar to the value reported by Davis (1982).
The leaf size of Phlomis nissolii was found to be 1,2 ̶ 6 × 0,4 ̶ 2,1 cm, petiole length to be up to 4,3 cm, bracteol length to be 2 ̶ 10 mm, calyx length to be 8 ̶ 13 mm, calyx teeth length to be 1 ̶ 4 mm, and corolla length to be 8 ̶ 23 mm.In the Flora of Turkey (Davis,1982), the leaf size of P. nissolii was reported to be 6 ̶ 14 × 3 ̶ 6 cm, petiole length to be 12 cm, bracteol length to be 5 ̶ 10 mm, calyx length to be 10 ̶ 15 mm, calyx teeth length to be 2 ̶ 4 mm, and corolla length to be 20 ̶ 25 mm.Dadandı (2002) reported in his study that the leaf size of P. nissolii was 5 ̶ 20 × 2,5 ̶ 9 cm, petiole length was up to 5,5 cm, bracteol length was 2 ̶ 10 mm, calyx length was 10 ̶ 15 mm, calyx teeth length was 1,5 ̶ 5 mm, and corolla length was 19 ̶ 31 mm.The bracteole length we found in our study was similar to the value reported by Dadandı (2002).The other values found in our study were different.
The leaf size of Phlomis samia was found to be 2 ̶ 14 × 0,8 ̶ 8,5 cm, petiole length to be up to 6 cm, bracteol length to be 10 ̶ 23 mm, calyx length to be 18 ̶ 25 mm, caly x teeth length to be 4 ̶ 8 mm, and corolla length to be 10 ̶ 26 mm.In the Flora of Turkey (Davis,1982), the leaf size of P. samia was reported to be 8 ̶ 23 × 5 ̶ 15 cm, petiole length to be up to 18 cm, bracteol length to be 20 ̶ 26 mm, calyx length to be 18 ̶ 25 mm, calyx teeth length to be 6 ̶ 12 mm, and corolla length to be 26 ̶ 35 mm.Dadandı (2002) reported in his study that the leaf size of Phlomis samia was 7 ̶ 25 × 4,5 ̶ 16 cm, petiole length was up to 23 cm, bracteol length was 18 ̶ 24 mm, calyx length was 18 ̶ 23 mm, calyx teeth length was 18 ̶ 24 mm, and corolla length was 30 ̶ 34 mm.The calyx length found in our study was similar to that reported by Davis (1982).
In conclusion, the species identification key developed according to the observations and measurements conducted for Phlomis distributed in the Lakes District of Turkey is presented below.It is thought that this identification key will be helpful for identification of Phlomis taxa in further studies which will be conducted in the Lakes District.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Sampling plots of Phlomis taxa in the Lakes District